Key characteristics

• Uses standard solar panels and infrastructure
• Runs more efficiently than land-based due to temperature buffering effects
• No land ownership / leasing costs (land constraints often a key driver in SE Asia)
• Provides higher energy density (1.75-2.25 acres/MW FPV vs. 5-10 acres/MW land-based)
• Often integrated with baseload generation (e.g. hydro, natural gas, coal)

Examples (US)

• Healdsburg, CA 4.7 MW
• Gray water storage pond

• Windsor, CA 1.8 MW..
• "Recycled" water pond

• Park City, UT 0.6 MW
• Raw Water Storage Pond

• Sayreville, NJ, 4.4 MW
• Raw water storage pond

Additional characteristics

• Reduced evaporation saves critical water resources in arid regions
• Algae growth mitigation improves water quality and lowers treatment costs
• Scalable design allows for phased implementation and expansion
• Quick deployment relative to complex land-based civil engineering projects

Additional Examples

• West Java, Indonesia, 192 MW
• Hydroelectric Reservoir

• Three Gorges New Energy, China, 70 MW
• Hydroelectric Basin

• China, 150 MW
• Aquaculture Integration

• Zhejiang, China, 200 MW
• Aquaculture Integration